IngredientStudied forEvidence in shortUsual form
Citicoline (CDP-choline) Memory (medicine in Japan) Known in Japan only as a prescription medicine; food use needs its classification confirmed first Medicine-only history in Japan
Lion's Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) Memory and cognitive performance Small positive Japanese trials in older adults; a 2025 acute trial in younger adults found no effect Capsule, tablet, powder, drink
Phosphatidylserine Memory recall in older adults Mixed trial results; Japan has notified soy-derived PS for memory support Capsule, tablet, powder
Plasmalogen Verbal memory and mental concentration in small Japanese trials Small trials in healthy adults mostly positive; a larger mixed trial significant only in a subgroup Soft capsule, hard capsule